The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing an organization’s adherence to ISO 27002:2022 controls, specifically focusing on the management of information security incidents. The core of the question revolves around identifying the most appropriate control from the standard that directly addresses the proactive identification and reporting of security vulnerabilities before they are exploited.

Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” is the overarching control for handling security events and incidents. However, it primarily deals with the response *after* an incident has occurred or is in progress. Control 8.16, “Monitoring activities,” focuses on the continuous observation of systems and networks for suspicious activities, which can lead to the detection of vulnerabilities. Control 8.23, “Use of cryptography,” is about protecting data confidentiality and integrity through encryption. Control 8.28, “Secure coding,” is crucial for preventing vulnerabilities from being introduced during software development.

The scenario specifically highlights the discovery of a previously unknown flaw in a custom-developed application that could allow unauthorized access. This flaw existed before any exploitation. The most relevant control for proactively identifying such flaws during the development lifecycle, and thus preventing them from becoming exploitable vulnerabilities, is secure coding practices. Therefore, control 8.28, “Secure coding,” is the most fitting control to audit against in this context, as it mandates the implementation of secure coding principles and practices to minimize the introduction of such flaws. The auditor would be assessing whether the development team followed secure coding standards, conducted code reviews for security, and implemented vulnerability scanning during the development process.

The question probes the auditor’s understanding of the nuanced application of ISO 27002:2022 controls in a specific context, focusing on the selection and justification of controls for a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The scenario highlights the need to balance security requirements with operational efficiency and regulatory compliance.

The core of the question revolves around identifying the most appropriate control from the ISO 27002:2022 framework for managing access to sensitive customer data within this new system. The scenario emphasizes that the CRM will store personally identifiable information (PII) and financial details, necessitating robust access control mechanisms.

Considering the nature of cloud-based systems and the sensitivity of the data, the auditor must evaluate controls related to user access management, authentication, and authorization. The control that directly addresses the principle of granting access based on legitimate business needs and the principle of least privilege, while also being adaptable to a cloud environment, is the most suitable.

The correct approach involves selecting a control that mandates a formal process for granting, reviewing, and revoking access to information and information processing facilities. This process should be documented and aligned with the organization’s information security policy. It should also consider the specific roles and responsibilities within the organization and the data classification of the information being accessed.

The chosen control should also implicitly support the principle of segregation of duties, ensuring that no single individual has excessive privileges that could lead to unauthorized actions or data breaches. Furthermore, in a cloud context, this control needs to be integrated with the cloud service provider’s access management capabilities, ensuring that the organization maintains oversight and control over who can access what data.

The correct answer is the control that specifically addresses the management of user access to information and information processing facilities, encompassing the entire lifecycle of access rights. This control is fundamental to protecting sensitive data and ensuring compliance with regulations like GDPR or CCPA, which mandate strict data protection and access management.

The scenario describes a situation where an organization is implementing controls from Annex A of ISO 27001, which are then mapped to the controls in ISO 27002:2022 for guidance on implementation. The auditor’s role is to verify the effectiveness of these implemented controls. ISO 27002:2022 categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. The question asks about the primary focus of an auditor when assessing the effectiveness of controls related to the “People” theme. Controls within the “People” theme (e.g., A.7 in ISO 27001, which corresponds to various controls in ISO 27002:2022 like 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8) primarily address the security responsibilities and awareness of personnel. Therefore, an auditor assessing these controls would concentrate on verifying that personnel understand their security obligations, are adequately trained, and adhere to established security policies and procedures. This involves reviewing training records, conducting interviews, observing behaviors, and examining evidence of disciplinary actions for non-compliance. The other options are less directly aligned with the core intent of the “People” theme controls. Focusing solely on technological configurations (option b) misses the human element. Evaluating the physical security of data centers (option c) falls under the “Physical” theme. Assessing the legal compliance framework (option d) is a broader organizational concern, though it may intersect with people-related policies. The correct approach is to verify the human element’s adherence to security practices.

The question probes the auditor’s role in assessing the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of information during its lifecycle, specifically focusing on the transition from active use to archival. ISO 27002:2022 control 8.10, “Information disposal,” is directly relevant here, as it mandates secure disposal of information when it is no longer required. However, the scenario describes a proactive measure to protect information that is *still required* but transitioning to a less active state. This aligns more closely with the principles of information classification and handling, particularly concerning the secure storage and access controls for information that is being archived. Control 5.12, “Information labelling,” and control 5.13, “Information transfer,” are foundational to managing information throughout its lifecycle. Control 8.1, “User endpoint devices,” and 8.16, “Monitoring activities,” are also relevant but address different aspects of information security. The core of the scenario is the secure management of information as its usage pattern changes, which is best supported by controls that ensure appropriate classification, handling, and storage based on that classification. Therefore, an auditor would look for evidence that the organization has established and is adhering to procedures for managing information based on its sensitivity and retention requirements, ensuring that even archived data remains protected from unauthorized access or disclosure. This involves verifying that the classification scheme adequately addresses different states of information usage and that the controls applied to archived data are commensurate with its classification. The most encompassing control that addresses the secure handling of information throughout its lifecycle, including its transition to archival states, is the one that governs the overall management and protection of information based on its classification and retention policies. This aligns with the broader objective of ensuring information is protected at all stages, as mandated by the ISO 27001 standard and elaborated in ISO 27002.

The scenario describes an auditor evaluating an organization’s adherence to ISO 27002:2022 controls. The auditor has identified a gap where sensitive customer data is stored on unencrypted portable media, which is a direct violation of the principles of data protection and confidentiality. ISO 27002:2022, specifically within the “Physical security” and “Cryptographic controls” themes, emphasizes the need to protect information in all its forms. Control 8.10 (Storage media) mandates that information stored on portable media should be protected against unauthorized access, misuse, loss, and corruption. Control 8.11 (Data masking) and 8.12 (Cryptography) further reinforce the requirement for encryption when sensitive data is stored or transmitted. The auditor’s finding directly relates to the control objective of ensuring that information is protected from unauthorized disclosure and modification, especially when stored on media that is susceptible to physical loss or theft. Therefore, the most appropriate action for the auditor is to recommend the implementation of encryption for all sensitive data stored on portable media, aligning with control 8.12, and to ensure that policies and procedures for handling such media are updated and enforced, referencing control 8.10. This proactive measure addresses the identified vulnerability and strengthens the overall information security posture by adhering to best practices for data at rest.

The core of this question lies in understanding the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls within a specific context, particularly concerning the management of information security incidents. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” mandates the establishment of a process for managing information security incidents. This process should include reporting, assessment, response, and learning from incidents. When an auditor reviews an organization’s incident response, they must verify that the established procedures are not only documented but also actively implemented and effective. The scenario describes a situation where a critical data breach occurred, and the organization’s response was reactive and lacked a structured approach, leading to prolonged exposure and potential regulatory non-compliance (e.g., GDPR, CCPA). The auditor’s role is to assess the adequacy of the implemented controls against the standard’s requirements. Control 5.24 emphasizes the need for a defined incident management process, including timely detection, containment, eradication, and recovery. The absence of a well-defined and practiced incident response plan, as evidenced by the chaotic and delayed reaction, directly indicates a deficiency in the implementation of control 5.24. Therefore, the auditor would identify a significant non-conformity related to the effectiveness of the information security incident management process. The other options, while potentially related to broader information security concepts, do not directly address the specific failure in managing the incident itself as mandated by control 5.24. For instance, control 8.16 (Monitoring activities) is about observing system behavior, not the response to a detected anomaly. Control 8.15 (Logging) is about recording events, which is a prerequisite for incident management but not the management process itself. Control 5.23 (Information security for use of cloud services) is specific to cloud environments and doesn’t encompass the general incident management process for all types of incidents. The auditor’s finding would be focused on the operational failure of the incident management framework.

The scenario describes a situation where an organization is implementing controls from ISO 27002:2022. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness and appropriateness of these controls in relation to the organization’s specific context and risk appetite. Control 5.1, “Policies for information security,” is foundational, establishing the high-level direction and commitment. Control 5.2, “Information security roles and responsibilities,” clarifies who is accountable for what. Control 5.3, “Segregation of duties,” is a critical internal control mechanism designed to prevent fraud and errors by ensuring no single individual has excessive authority. Control 5.15, “Information security in supplier relationships,” addresses risks arising from third-party engagements. Control 5.16, “Managing information security in the ICT supply chain,” specifically targets risks associated with the procurement and use of ICT services and products.

The question asks about the most appropriate control to address a situation where a single administrator has full access to critical systems, including the ability to modify financial records and grant/revoke access for other users. This concentration of power presents a significant risk of unauthorized actions, errors, or malicious intent going undetected. Segregation of duties is the control specifically designed to mitigate this type of risk by dividing responsibilities among different individuals. For instance, one person might be responsible for data entry, another for approving transactions, and a third for system administration. This prevents any single person from having the ability to both perpetrate and conceal a harmful act. While other controls like policies (5.1), roles and responsibilities (5.2), or supplier management (5.15, 5.16) are important for a comprehensive information security program, they do not directly address the inherent risk of a single point of control with excessive privileges. Therefore, the most direct and effective control to audit in this specific scenario is segregation of duties.

The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing an organization’s implementation of controls related to information security incident management, specifically focusing on the detection and reporting of security events. ISO 27002:2022, in its control set, emphasizes the importance of timely detection and reporting. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” and Control 5.25, “Reporting information security events,” are particularly relevant. The question probes the auditor’s understanding of the *effectiveness* of the implemented controls, not just their existence. An effective control would not only detect an event but also ensure it is reported through established channels, allowing for appropriate response. The scenario highlights a delay in reporting, which directly impacts the organization’s ability to manage the incident promptly. This delay indicates a potential weakness in the process of escalating detected events. Therefore, the auditor’s primary concern should be the *timeliness and completeness of the reporting mechanism* as a critical indicator of control effectiveness. The other options, while related to security, do not directly address the core issue of the delay in reporting detected events and its impact on incident management effectiveness. For instance, the availability of forensic tools (option b) is important for investigation but doesn’t resolve the initial reporting delay. The complexity of the security architecture (option c) might contribute to detection challenges but doesn’t excuse a failure in the reporting process once an event is identified. The existence of a documented incident response plan (option d) is a prerequisite, but its mere existence doesn’t guarantee its effective execution, especially concerning the timely escalation of detected events. The core of the auditor’s assessment here is the operational effectiveness of the event reporting and escalation process.

The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing the effectiveness of controls related to information security incident management, specifically focusing on the response and reporting aspects. The question probes the auditor’s understanding of how to assess the adherence to ISO 27002:2022 controls, particularly in the context of a simulated incident. The core of the assessment lies in evaluating the timeliness and accuracy of the incident reporting and the effectiveness of the containment and recovery actions taken. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” is central here, as it mandates establishing a process for managing information security incidents, including reporting, response, and lessons learned. Control 5.25, “Collection of evidence,” is also relevant, as it emphasizes the need to collect and preserve evidence during an incident for potential legal or disciplinary action. Control 8.15, “Information security in the supply chain,” is less directly applicable to the auditor’s immediate assessment of the internal incident response process itself, although the incident might have originated from or impacted a supplier. Control 7.4, “Monitoring activities,” is a broader control related to ongoing oversight, but the specific focus of the question is on the reactive and corrective measures during an incident. Therefore, the most appropriate control to focus the audit on, given the description of reviewing the response and reporting of a simulated incident, is the one that directly governs the incident management lifecycle. The auditor’s objective is to verify that the organization’s incident response plan was followed, that all necessary stakeholders were informed within stipulated timeframes, and that the incident was effectively contained and resolved, with appropriate documentation. This aligns with the principles of effective incident management as outlined in the standard.

The core of this question lies in understanding the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls within a specific context, particularly concerning the management of information security incidents. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” mandates establishing a process for managing information security incidents, including reporting, assessment, response, and learning. When an auditor identifies a gap in the timely reporting of a significant data breach to regulatory bodies as required by, for example, the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) or similar national data protection laws, the auditor must assess whether the organization’s incident management process, as defined by the controls, adequately addresses these external reporting obligations. The absence of a defined procedure for timely regulatory notification directly contravenes the intent of Control 5.24, which encompasses the entire lifecycle of an incident, including post-incident activities and legal/regulatory compliance. Therefore, the most appropriate auditor action is to identify this as a deficiency in the incident management process itself, specifically in its ability to meet external legal and regulatory requirements. This aligns with the auditor’s role in verifying the effectiveness and completeness of the implemented controls against the standard and relevant external obligations. The other options represent either a misinterpretation of the control’s scope, an overreach into operational management, or a less direct consequence of the identified deficiency.

The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing an organization’s implementation of ISO 27001, specifically focusing on controls related to the management of information security incidents. The question asks about the most appropriate control from ISO 27002:2022 to address the identified gap in the organization’s incident response process. The organization has a documented incident response plan but lacks a mechanism for regularly testing its effectiveness and incorporating lessons learned into future iterations.

Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” is the most relevant control in ISO 27002:2022 for this situation. This control mandates the establishment of a process for managing information security incidents, including reporting, assessment, response, and learning from incidents. Crucially, it also emphasizes the importance of testing and reviewing the effectiveness of the incident response plan and updating it based on lessons learned. The scenario explicitly highlights the absence of regular testing and feedback loops, which are core components of this control.

Control 8.16, “Monitoring activities,” is related to observing systems and activities but is broader than incident response testing. While monitoring can detect incidents, it doesn’t directly address the structured testing and improvement of the response plan itself. Control 7.4, “Access control,” focuses on restricting access to information and systems, which is a preventative measure and not directly related to the post-incident review and improvement process. Control 8.23, “Use of cryptography,” pertains to protecting information confidentiality and integrity through encryption, which is a technical control and not relevant to the procedural aspects of incident response plan testing. Therefore, Control 5.24 directly addresses the deficiency identified in the audit.

The question probes the auditor’s understanding of the applicability and selection criteria for controls within the ISO 27002:2022 framework, specifically concerning the management of information security in a cloud computing environment. The core of the inquiry lies in identifying the most appropriate control category for addressing the shared responsibility model inherent in cloud services. ISO 27002:2022 categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. When an organization utilizes cloud services, the responsibility for implementing and managing certain security controls is divided between the cloud service provider and the customer. Controls related to the configuration, access management, and data protection within the cloud environment, which the customer directly influences and manages, fall under the **Technological** theme. This theme encompasses controls that are implemented through technology, such as access control mechanisms, encryption, and network security. While organizational policies (Organizational) and personnel awareness (People) are crucial, they are overarching and not specific to the *implementation* of security within the cloud infrastructure itself. Physical controls are primarily the responsibility of the cloud provider. Therefore, the most direct and relevant categorization for controls managed by the customer in a cloud context, focusing on the technical implementation of security measures, is Technological.

The scenario describes an organization that has implemented a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The audit objective is to assess the effectiveness of controls related to the management of information security in this cloud environment, specifically focusing on the shared responsibility model. ISO 27002:2022, particularly within the context of cloud services, emphasizes the need for clarity on responsibilities. Control 5.23, “Information security for use of cloud services,” directly addresses this by requiring an understanding of the responsibilities of cloud service providers and users. An auditor would need to verify that the organization has identified and documented these responsibilities, ensuring that the organization has taken appropriate measures for the aspects it controls and has assurance over the provider’s controls for the aspects they manage. This involves reviewing contracts, service level agreements (SLAs), and internal policies that define the division of security duties. The audit should confirm that the organization has not assumed responsibility for security aspects that are explicitly managed by the cloud provider, nor has it neglected its own responsibilities. Therefore, verifying the documented division of responsibilities between the organization and the cloud service provider for information security in the new CRM system is the most critical step.

The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of information during its lifecycle, specifically focusing on the secure disposal of information. ISO 27002:2022, in its updated structure, categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. The control related to the secure disposal of information is found within the **Organizational** theme, under the sub-category of “Information Handling.” Specifically, control 5.10, “Information disposal,” addresses the need for secure disposal of information when it is no longer required. This control mandates that information should be disposed of securely to prevent unauthorized disclosure. The auditor’s task is to verify that the organization has established and is adhering to documented procedures for the secure disposal of all forms of information, including digital media, paper documents, and obsolete hardware. This involves examining evidence such as disposal logs, certificates of destruction, and confirmation of secure erasure techniques. The question probes the auditor’s understanding of where such a control would be classified within the ISO 27002:2022 framework, testing their knowledge of the control themes and their placement. The correct classification is within the Organizational controls because it pertains to the policies, procedures, and responsibilities established by the organization for managing information throughout its lifecycle, including its end-of-life.

The scenario describes a situation where an organization is implementing a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of information processed by this system. ISO 27002:2022, specifically within the “Organizational controls” category, addresses the management of information security in the context of cloud services. Control 5.23, “Information security for use of cloud services,” is directly relevant. This control mandates that the organization establish and implement policies, procedures, and controls for the use of cloud services, considering the responsibilities of both the cloud service provider and the customer. When auditing such an implementation, an auditor would focus on verifying that the organization has a clear understanding of its responsibilities, has documented these responsibilities in agreements with the provider, and has implemented internal controls to manage the risks associated with cloud usage. This includes aspects like data segregation, access management, incident response, and compliance with relevant regulations such as GDPR or CCPA, which mandate specific data protection measures for personal data processed in cloud environments. The auditor would examine evidence of contractual agreements, internal policies, risk assessments related to cloud adoption, and operational procedures for managing the cloud CRM. The core of the audit would be to confirm that the organization is actively managing its information security obligations in the cloud, rather than passively relying on the provider. Therefore, the most appropriate focus for the auditor is to assess the organization’s management of its responsibilities for information security in the cloud environment, encompassing policy, contractual obligations, and internal controls.

The question probes the auditor’s role in assessing the effectiveness of controls related to information security incident management, specifically focusing on the post-incident review process as outlined in ISO 27002:2022. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” mandates that lessons learned from incidents should be used to improve information security. An auditor’s primary concern in this context is to verify that this continuous improvement loop is functioning. This involves examining whether documented findings from incident reviews are systematically analyzed, whether actionable recommendations are generated, and crucially, whether these recommendations are prioritized and integrated into the organization’s security roadmap and control implementation plans. The effectiveness of the incident management process is not just about responding to incidents but also about preventing recurrence and enhancing overall resilience. Therefore, the most critical aspect for an auditor to verify is the tangible evidence of these lessons being translated into concrete improvements in security controls and procedures. This demonstrates a mature approach to security management and adherence to the spirit of continuous improvement inherent in the ISO 27000 series. Other options, while related to incident management, do not capture the core audit objective of verifying the *impact* of lessons learned on future security posture. For instance, simply reviewing incident logs or assessing the speed of response, while important, doesn’t confirm that the organization is actively learning and adapting. The focus must be on the integration of learned knowledge into proactive security enhancements.

The scenario describes a situation where an auditor is reviewing the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of information during transit. ISO 27002:2022, specifically within the “Organizational controls” category, addresses controls related to information security, and within that, controls concerning the protection of information. Control 5.14, “Information transfer,” is directly relevant here. This control mandates that information should be protected during transfer, whether it is within an organization or to external parties. The auditor’s task is to verify that the implemented controls adequately address the risks associated with data in transit. This involves examining the technical and procedural measures in place, such as encryption protocols, secure communication channels, and policies governing data sharing. The auditor must assess whether these measures align with the organization’s risk appetite and the sensitivity of the information being transferred. The question probes the auditor’s understanding of the primary objective of such an audit, which is to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information during its movement. The correct approach focuses on the core purpose of the control, which is safeguarding information during transit, rather than focusing on the specific technology used or the broader organizational security posture, which are related but not the direct, primary objective of auditing this specific control.

The question pertains to the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls in a specific scenario. The core of the question lies in identifying the most appropriate control from the standard that addresses the described situation. The scenario involves a cloud service provider that has experienced a significant data breach due to a misconfiguration in their access control mechanisms, leading to unauthorized access to sensitive customer data. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of the organization’s controls in preventing and detecting such incidents.

ISO 27002:2022, specifically in its updated structure, categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. The scenario clearly points to a technological failure in access management. Control 5.16, “Access control,” is directly relevant here. This control emphasizes the need for organizations to restrict access to information and information processing facilities to authorized users, programs, and processes. It covers aspects like user registration, privilege management, authentication, and the review of access rights. The misconfiguration in the cloud provider’s access control directly violates the principles outlined in this control.

While other controls might be tangentially related (e.g., incident management if the breach is detected and handled, or security in the cloud if the provider is external), the root cause identified is the failure in access control itself. Control 8.1, “Access control,” within the Technological theme, is the most precise and encompassing control for addressing the described vulnerability. It mandates the implementation of access control policies and procedures to ensure that only authorized individuals can access information and systems. The misconfiguration directly impacts the effectiveness of these measures. Therefore, an auditor would focus on the adequacy and implementation of control 8.1 to assess the organization’s posture against such breaches.

The question probes the auditor’s understanding of the applicability and interpretation of ISO 27002:2022 controls in a specific context. The scenario describes a company that has adopted a hybrid work model and is utilizing cloud-based collaboration tools. The core of the question lies in identifying which control from ISO 27002:2022 is most directly and comprehensively addressed by the described security measures.

The controls relevant to this scenario include:
* **5.10 Information security in the cloud:** This control directly addresses the use of cloud services and the responsibilities of both the cloud service provider and the user organization. The company’s use of cloud-based collaboration tools makes this control highly pertinent.
* **8.1 Physical security perimeters:** While physical security is important, the scenario emphasizes digital and remote work aspects, making this control less central to the described situation.
* **6.6 Access control:** Access control is crucial for hybrid work and cloud tools, but it is a component that falls under broader cloud security considerations.
* **7.4 Use of cryptography:** Cryptography is a technical measure that might be employed within the cloud tools, but it’s not the overarching control that governs the entire cloud usage strategy.

The company’s implementation of secure access protocols, data encryption within the cloud platform, and clear guidelines for remote access directly align with the requirements of **5.10 Information in the cloud**. This control mandates that organizations understand and manage the risks associated with cloud services, including the responsibilities for security controls, data protection, and compliance. The measures described – secure access, encryption, and remote access policies – are all integral parts of ensuring information security when using cloud services, as stipulated by this control. Therefore, an auditor would prioritize assessing the organization’s adherence to the principles and requirements of 5.10 when evaluating the security posture of their cloud-based collaboration environment.

No calculation is required for this question as it tests conceptual understanding of ISO 27002:2022 controls. The core of the question revolves around the appropriate application of controls within the context of managing information security risks. Specifically, it probes the auditor’s understanding of how to assess the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of information during its lifecycle. Control 5.10, “Information transfer,” is directly relevant here, as it addresses the secure handling of information when it is moved between different locations or systems. An auditor evaluating the implementation of this control would look for evidence of established procedures, encryption mechanisms, and access restrictions during data transfer. Control 8.1, “User endpoint devices,” focuses on the security of devices used by individuals, which is a related but distinct area. Control 5.12, “Access control,” is broader and covers general access management, while Control 8.16, “Monitoring activities,” pertains to observing system and network operations. Therefore, when assessing the security of information *during transfer*, the primary focus should be on controls that explicitly govern this process, such as those outlined in 5.10. The scenario describes a situation where sensitive data is being moved, making the transfer mechanism the critical element to audit.

The scenario describes an organization that has implemented a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The audit objective is to assess the effectiveness of controls related to the protection of sensitive customer data stored within this system, specifically focusing on access management and data segregation. ISO 27002:2022, in its control set, emphasizes the importance of managing access to information and systems. Control 5.16, “Access control,” is directly relevant here, requiring that access to information and information processing facilities is granted based on the principle of least privilege and the need-to-know. Furthermore, Control 5.18, “Information transfer,” and Control 8.1, “User endpoint devices,” while not directly about cloud CRM access control, highlight the broader context of data protection during transit and at endpoints, which are often integrated with cloud services.

The auditor needs to verify that the CRM system’s access control mechanisms are configured to prevent unauthorized access to customer records. This involves examining role-based access controls (RBAC), ensuring that user roles are defined with appropriate permissions, and that these permissions are regularly reviewed and updated. The audit should also look for evidence of segregation of duties, ensuring that no single individual has excessive privileges that could lead to data misuse or compromise. The effectiveness of these controls is paramount, especially given the potential for data breaches in cloud environments. The audit should also consider the contractual agreements with the cloud service provider regarding data protection and access management, as outlined in controls related to supplier relationships (e.g., Control 5.20, “Information security for use of cloud services”). The core of the audit in this scenario revolves around verifying the implementation and operational effectiveness of access control measures to safeguard sensitive customer data within the cloud CRM.

The scenario describes an organization that has experienced a significant data breach due to a sophisticated phishing attack targeting its executive leadership. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of controls related to incident management and communication, specifically in the context of ISO 27002:2022. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” is directly relevant here. This control mandates establishing, implementing, and maintaining information security incident management capabilities. A crucial aspect of this control is the communication process during and after an incident. ISO 27002:2022 emphasizes that communication should be timely, accurate, and directed to appropriate stakeholders, including legal counsel, regulatory bodies (if applicable, e.g., GDPR for breaches involving EU citizens’ data), and potentially affected parties. The question asks about the *primary* focus for an auditor assessing the response to such an incident. While technical containment and recovery are vital, the auditor’s perspective, especially concerning compliance and organizational resilience, leans towards the procedural and communication aspects that ensure proper handling and reporting. Therefore, evaluating the established communication plan and its execution during the incident is paramount. This includes verifying that notifications were made according to policy and legal requirements, and that internal stakeholders were kept informed to facilitate a coordinated response. The effectiveness of the communication plan directly impacts the organization’s ability to manage the fallout, mitigate reputational damage, and meet any regulatory obligations.

The scenario describes an organization that has implemented a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of the controls related to this system, particularly in the context of ISO 27002:2022. The question focuses on identifying the most appropriate control category from ISO 27002:2022 for managing the security of this cloud-hosted CRM.

ISO 27002:2022 categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. When dealing with a cloud-based system, the primary responsibility for the underlying infrastructure security often lies with the cloud service provider. However, the organization using the service remains responsible for the security of its data and how it configures and manages the service. Therefore, controls that govern the use of information processing facilities, including cloud services, are paramount.

Control 5.23, “Information security for use of cloud services,” directly addresses the responsibilities and requirements for using cloud services. This control encompasses aspects like establishing agreements with cloud service providers, defining responsibilities, and ensuring that the cloud service meets the organization’s security requirements. While other controls might be tangentially relevant (e.g., access control, data backup), the overarching management and security of the cloud service itself fall under this specific category. Control 8.16, “Monitoring activities,” is important for observing the system, but it’s a supporting control. Control 7.4, “Physical security monitoring,” is irrelevant to cloud services. Control 6.7, “Information security in the development and support of ICT,” is more focused on internal development processes rather than the procurement and use of external cloud services. Thus, the most fitting category for assessing the security of a cloud-hosted CRM system is the one that specifically addresses cloud service usage.

No calculation is required for this question. The question probes the understanding of the principles behind selecting and implementing controls from ISO 27002:2022, specifically focusing on the auditor’s perspective when evaluating the effectiveness of controls in a complex, multi-jurisdictional environment. The core concept tested is the auditor’s responsibility to ensure that chosen controls are not only technically sound but also legally compliant and contextually appropriate. This involves understanding that a blanket application of a single control might not suffice when diverse legal frameworks and operational realities exist. The auditor must verify that the organization has a robust process for identifying and addressing these variations, rather than simply checking for the presence of a control. The emphasis is on the *appropriateness* and *effectiveness* in the specific context, which includes legal and regulatory adherence. This aligns with the auditor’s role in providing assurance that the information security management system (ISMS) is functioning as intended and meeting its objectives, including compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The auditor’s assessment would therefore focus on the methodology used to determine control applicability and the evidence of their successful implementation across different operational and legal domains.

The question pertains to the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls, specifically focusing on the nuances of managing information security in a cloud computing environment. The scenario describes an organization that has outsourced its primary customer relationship management (CRM) system to a Software as a Service (SaaS) provider. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of the organization’s information security posture concerning this outsourced service.

ISO 27002:2022, in its updated structure, categorizes controls into four themes: Organizational, People, Physical, and Technological. When assessing a SaaS arrangement, the auditor must consider the shared responsibility model inherent in cloud services. The organization retains ultimate accountability for its information assets, even when processed by a third party. Therefore, the audit must evaluate how the organization has established and maintains oversight of the SaaS provider’s security practices.

Control 5.23, “Information security for use of cloud services,” is directly relevant. This control mandates that the organization must obtain assurance regarding the security measures implemented by the cloud service provider. This assurance can be obtained through various means, including contractual agreements, independent audits (e.g., SOC 2 reports), certifications, or direct assessments. The auditor needs to verify that the organization has a robust process for selecting, managing, and monitoring its cloud service providers to ensure that the outsourced CRM data is adequately protected. This involves reviewing contracts for security clauses, examining evidence of the provider’s compliance with relevant standards, and assessing the organization’s internal procedures for managing cloud-related risks. The focus is on the organization’s due diligence and ongoing monitoring, not on auditing the SaaS provider directly, as that is the provider’s responsibility. The auditor’s task is to confirm the organization’s assurance mechanisms are in place and effective.

No calculation is required for this question. The question probes the understanding of the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls in a specific context, focusing on the nuances of selecting the most appropriate control for a given scenario. The scenario describes an organization that has implemented a robust system for managing its information assets, including a comprehensive inventory and classification scheme. However, the organization is facing challenges with ensuring that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information, particularly when dealing with data that is subject to stringent regulatory requirements like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The auditor needs to identify the control that directly addresses the principle of least privilege and access control for sensitive data in accordance with ISO 27002:2022. Control 5.16, “Access control,” is the most relevant as it covers the establishment and review of access rights, ensuring that users are granted only the necessary privileges to perform their duties. This control encompasses principles like segregation of duties and the need-to-know basis, which are critical for protecting sensitive information. Other controls, while related to information security, do not directly address the core issue of granular access to specific data types based on authorization and regulatory compliance as effectively as 5.16. For instance, controls related to physical security or cryptography might be components of a broader security strategy but do not specifically target the management of logical access rights to information assets.

No calculation is required for this question as it assesses conceptual understanding.

The question probes the auditor’s role in verifying the effectiveness of controls related to information security incident management, specifically focusing on the post-incident review process as outlined in ISO 27002:2022. A crucial aspect of this process is not just identifying the root cause of an incident but also ensuring that lessons learned are systematically integrated into the organization’s security posture. This involves verifying that the incident response plan is updated, that relevant personnel receive additional training, and that preventative controls are enhanced or implemented based on the findings. The auditor’s objective is to confirm that the organization has moved beyond mere remediation to proactive improvement, thereby strengthening its overall resilience against future occurrences. This aligns with the principle of continuous improvement inherent in information security management systems. The auditor must assess whether the documented actions taken post-incident directly address the identified vulnerabilities and weaknesses, and whether there is evidence of their successful implementation and impact on reducing the likelihood or severity of similar incidents. This verification goes beyond simply checking if a report was filed; it requires examining the tangible outcomes of the review process.

The question pertains to the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls in a specific scenario involving a cloud service provider and the need to ensure data integrity and confidentiality during data transfer. The core concept being tested is the selection of appropriate controls from Annex A of ISO 27001 (as guided by ISO 27002:2022) to address identified risks.

The scenario describes a situation where sensitive customer data is being transferred to a cloud service provider for processing. The primary risks are unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure of this data during transit and at rest within the cloud environment. ISO 27002:2022 provides a comprehensive set of controls to mitigate such risks.

Control 8.16 (Monitoring activities) is relevant for observing system and network activities to detect anomalies and potential security incidents. Control 5.1 (Policies for information security) establishes the foundational rules and guidelines. Control 8.1 (User endpoint devices) addresses the security of devices used by users, which might be involved in initiating the transfer. However, the most direct and impactful controls for ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of data *during transfer* and *at rest* in a cloud environment, as described, are those related to cryptography and secure data handling.

Control 8.10 (Data masking) is about protecting data by obscuring it, which is relevant for data at rest but not the primary control for transit. Control 8.12 (Use of cryptography) directly addresses the protection of information through encryption, both in transit and at rest, which is crucial for the scenario. Control 8.13 (Access control) is fundamental for managing who can access the data, but cryptography is the mechanism that protects the data itself even if access controls are bypassed or compromised during transit. Control 8.14 (Information transfer) specifically deals with the secure transfer of information, which is a key aspect of the scenario.

Considering the need to protect data during transfer and at rest in a cloud environment, the most comprehensive and directly applicable control from the provided options that addresses both aspects of data protection (transit and storage) through technical means is the use of cryptography. While secure transfer protocols (part of 8.14) are vital for transit, cryptography (8.12) provides the underlying mechanism for confidentiality and integrity, and is also applicable to data at rest. Therefore, the control that best addresses the scenario’s core requirements for protecting sensitive data during its lifecycle with a cloud provider, encompassing both transit and storage, is the use of cryptography.

The core of this question lies in understanding the application of ISO 27002:2022 controls within a specific context, particularly concerning the management of information security incidents. Control 5.24, “Information security incident management,” mandates a structured approach to handling security events. When an organization experiences a significant data breach, the auditor’s role is to verify that the established incident management process, as outlined in ISO 27002:2022, has been effectively implemented. This involves assessing whether the organization has a documented procedure for detecting, reporting, assessing, responding to, and learning from incidents. Specifically, the auditor would look for evidence of a post-incident review to identify root causes and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence. This aligns with the principle of continuous improvement inherent in information security management systems. Therefore, the most appropriate action for the auditor to take, when presented with evidence of a recent, significant data breach, is to examine the organization’s post-incident review documentation and the subsequent implementation of any identified remediation actions. This directly assesses the effectiveness of the incident management process in addressing lessons learned, a key component of control 5.24. Other options, while potentially related to security, do not directly address the auditor’s verification of the incident management lifecycle as mandated by the standard in response to a confirmed breach. For instance, reviewing general access logs (option b) might be part of an investigation but doesn’t specifically target the post-incident learning phase. Evaluating the effectiveness of preventative controls (option c) is a broader audit activity, not a direct response to verifying the incident management process itself after an event. Similarly, assessing the adequacy of the incident response team’s training (option d) is a component of preparedness, but the immediate audit focus post-breach is on the handling and learning from the actual event.

The scenario describes a situation where an organization is implementing a new cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. The auditor’s role is to assess the effectiveness of controls related to this implementation, specifically focusing on the management of information security for outsourced services. ISO 27002:2022, in its section on “Information security for use of cloud services” (Control 5.23), mandates that organizations must establish and implement controls to manage information security risks associated with the use of cloud services. This includes ensuring that the cloud service provider adheres to agreed-upon security requirements and that the organization maintains oversight. The question asks about the primary focus of an auditor in this context. The correct approach is to verify that the organization has a robust process for managing the security aspects of the outsourced CRM, which involves understanding the responsibilities of both the organization and the cloud provider, and ensuring that contractual agreements reflect these responsibilities and that ongoing monitoring is in place. This aligns with the principles of due diligence and the need to maintain control over information assets, even when they are processed or stored by a third party. The other options represent either a narrower focus (e.g., solely on contractual terms without verification of implementation) or a misunderstanding of the auditor’s role (e.g., assuming the provider is solely responsible or focusing on non-security aspects). The core of the audit in this context is to ensure that the organization has effectively managed the security risks arising from outsourcing the CRM function, as stipulated by relevant controls in ISO 27002:2022.