The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet interconnected, responsibilities for information security. When a CSC utilizes a public cloud service, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud infrastructure itself (e.g., physical security of data centers, network infrastructure, hypervisor security). The CSC, however, is responsible for security *in* the cloud, which includes securing their data, applications, operating systems, identity and access management, and network configurations within the cloud environment.

The scenario describes a data breach originating from an improperly configured virtual machine’s firewall, which is a component directly managed and controlled by the CSC. The CSC is responsible for defining and implementing access control policies and network segmentation within their virtualized environment. Therefore, the root cause of the breach, as described, falls under the CSC’s purview. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, particularly in controls related to network security management (e.g., A.13.1.1, A.13.1.2) and access control (e.g., A.9.1.1, A.9.2.1), mandates that the customer is responsible for configuring and managing these aspects within their allocated cloud resources. The CSP’s responsibility would typically extend to ensuring the underlying network infrastructure is secure and that the tools for configuring virtual firewalls are available and functional, but not the specific configuration choices made by the customer.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet overlapping, responsibilities for information security. When a CSC utilizes a public cloud service, the CSP is generally responsible for the security *of* the cloud infrastructure itself (e.g., physical security of data centers, network infrastructure, hypervisor security). The CSC, however, is responsible for security *in* the cloud, which includes securing their data, applications, operating systems, identity and access management, and network configurations within their allocated cloud environment.

In the given scenario, the CSC has implemented robust access controls and encryption for their data stored within the cloud. This directly addresses controls related to data protection and access management, which are clearly within the CSC’s purview according to the shared responsibility model and ISO/IEC 27017:2015 controls like A.9 (Access Control) and A.10 (Cryptography). The CSP, on the other hand, is responsible for the underlying infrastructure’s security, such as ensuring the physical security of the data centers and the integrity of the virtualization layer. The question asks which aspect is *primarily* the CSC’s responsibility. While the CSP might offer certain security features or configurations, the ultimate responsibility for configuring and managing them to protect the CSC’s specific data and applications rests with the CSC. Therefore, the secure configuration and management of virtual network segmentation and firewall rules within the CSC’s virtual private cloud (VPC) is a direct CSC responsibility. This aligns with controls like A.13 (Communications Security) and A.14 (System Acquisition, Development and Maintenance) as applied to the CSC’s environment. The other options, while potentially involving shared responsibilities or CSP-managed aspects, do not represent the primary and direct responsibility of the CSC in the same way as managing their own virtual network security.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model as defined by ISO/IEC 27017:2015, specifically concerning the customer’s role in managing security for their data and applications within a cloud environment. When a cloud service customer decides to implement a specific encryption algorithm for data at rest, this falls squarely within the customer’s domain of responsibility. The cloud service provider (CSP) is responsible for the security *of* the cloud infrastructure, which includes the underlying physical security, network infrastructure, and the general security of the cloud platform itself. However, the security *in* the cloud, which encompasses how the customer configures and utilizes the services, including data protection mechanisms like encryption, is the customer’s purview. Therefore, the customer bears the ultimate responsibility for selecting, configuring, and managing the encryption methods used for their sensitive data stored in the cloud. This aligns with the principle that the customer retains control over their data and its specific security treatments, even when leveraging cloud services. The CSP may offer encryption services, but the choice and implementation of specific algorithms and key management practices for customer data are typically customer-driven.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that while a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) is responsible for the security *of* the cloud, the customer is responsible for security *in* the cloud. This division of responsibility is crucial for effective risk management and compliance. When a customer uses a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP manages the underlying infrastructure, operating system, and middleware. The customer, however, remains accountable for securing their applications, data, and user access management within that PaaS environment. Therefore, the customer’s primary responsibility in this scenario is to ensure the secure configuration and operation of their deployed applications and the data they process, aligning with the principles of ISO/IEC 27017’s control objectives related to application security and data protection. The CSP’s role is to provide a secure platform, but the ultimate security posture of the deployed services rests with the customer.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are inherently transferred to the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). However, the CSC retains ultimate accountability for the security of their data and the configuration of their cloud environment. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its control objectives and controls, emphasizes this division. Specifically, controls related to access management, data protection, and incident management often highlight the CSC’s role in defining policies and managing their specific implementation within the cloud. For instance, while a CSP might provide the underlying infrastructure for identity and access management (IAM), the CSC is responsible for defining user roles, granting permissions, and revoking access based on their organizational policies and the principle of least privilege. Similarly, data encryption at rest and in transit might be facilitated by the CSP, but the CSC must ensure appropriate encryption keys are managed and that data classification policies are applied. Therefore, the CSC’s responsibility extends to the configuration and operational management of security controls that protect their specific data and applications, even when leveraging cloud services. This includes ensuring that the CSP’s security measures align with their own regulatory and business requirements, such as those mandated by GDPR or HIPAA, which often dictate specific data handling and protection practices. The CSC must actively monitor their cloud environment and verify that the security posture is maintained in accordance with these external obligations.

The core principle being tested here is the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) uses a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are retained by the CSC, while others are managed by the cloud service provider (CSP). ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in Annex A, outlines controls applicable to both CSCs and CSPs. Control A.7.1.1, “Inventory of information and other associated assets,” is a fundamental control that requires both parties to maintain an inventory. However, the specific responsibility for identifying and classifying data processed within the cloud service, including its sensitivity and regulatory requirements, rests primarily with the CSC. This is because the CSC is the data owner and is ultimately accountable for data protection under various regulations like GDPR or HIPAA. While the CSP provides the infrastructure and services, they do not inherently know the business context or the specific data classification needs of each customer. Therefore, the CSC must actively manage and classify the data they place in the cloud. This classification informs subsequent security controls, access management, and incident response procedures. The CSP’s role is to provide the secure environment and controls that support the CSC’s data classification and protection requirements, but the initial identification and classification are the CSC’s domain.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are retained by the CSC, while others are managed by the cloud service provider (CSP). ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its Annex A controls, outlines these responsibilities. Control A.5.1.1, “Information security policies,” mandates that policies are established, approved, and communicated. In the context of cloud services, the CSC is responsible for defining and implementing its own information security policies that govern its use of cloud services. This includes specifying how data is classified, how access is managed, and how security incidents are handled within its own environment, even when leveraging cloud infrastructure. While the CSP provides the underlying security of the cloud infrastructure, the CSC must ensure its policies align with and extend to the cloud service to maintain overall information security. Therefore, the CSC’s responsibility to establish and maintain its own information security policies, which encompass the use of cloud services, is a fundamental aspect of the shared responsibility model. This aligns with the principle that the CSC remains accountable for the information it processes and stores, regardless of the underlying infrastructure.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model for security in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a customer utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities remain with the customer, while others are delegated to the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in Annex A, outlines controls applicable to both cloud service customers and CSPs. Control A.7.1.1, “Inventory of information and other associated assets,” is crucial. For a customer, this includes understanding and documenting all data and applications they deploy or process within the cloud environment. This inventory is fundamental for implementing other security controls, such as access management, data classification, and incident response. Without a clear understanding of what assets are being managed in the cloud, the customer cannot effectively apply security measures or ensure compliance with their own organizational policies and relevant regulations like GDPR or HIPAA, which mandate data protection and accountability. The customer’s responsibility extends to knowing what data resides where, how it is protected, and who has access to it, even when the underlying infrastructure is managed by the CSP. Therefore, maintaining a comprehensive inventory of cloud-based information assets is a primary customer obligation under ISO/IEC 27017.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are delegated to the cloud service provider (CSP). However, the CSC retains ultimate accountability for the security of their data and the configuration of their cloud environment. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in Annex A, outlines controls applicable to both CSPs and CSCs. Control A.14.1.1, “Information security in the ICT supply chain,” is particularly relevant here, emphasizing the CSC’s responsibility to ensure that security requirements are addressed when procuring cloud services. Furthermore, control A.14.2.5, “Secure development environment,” while primarily aimed at the CSP, implies a CSC’s need to understand and potentially audit the CSP’s development practices if they are directly influencing the security of the service. However, the most direct responsibility for the CSC regarding the security of the *service itself* (beyond their own data) is in the initial selection and ongoing oversight of the CSP. This includes ensuring the CSP adheres to agreed-upon security clauses and that the CSC has mechanisms to verify this adherence. The question probes the CSC’s proactive measures to ensure the CSP’s compliance with security requirements, which is a fundamental aspect of the shared responsibility model and the intent of ISO/IEC 27017. The correct approach involves establishing clear contractual obligations and implementing continuous monitoring to validate the CSP’s security posture, rather than solely relying on the CSP’s self-declarations or assuming complete delegation of all security concerns. The CSC must actively manage the risks introduced by the cloud service.

The core of this question revolves around understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet interconnected, responsibilities for information security. When a CSC utilizes a public cloud service for processing sensitive data, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud infrastructure (e.g., physical security of data centers, network infrastructure, hypervisor security). Conversely, the CSC is responsible for security *in* the cloud, which includes securing their data, applications, operating systems, identity and access management, and network configurations within their allocated cloud environment.

In the scenario presented, the CSC has implemented robust access controls and encryption for their data within the cloud. This directly addresses the CSC’s responsibility for securing their data and applications. However, the question implies a potential vulnerability related to the underlying cloud infrastructure’s configuration, which falls under the CSP’s purview. The CSC’s proactive security measures for their data do not absolve the CSP of their foundational security obligations. Therefore, the most appropriate action for the CSC, when suspecting an infrastructure-level vulnerability, is to engage with the CSP to address it. This aligns with the collaborative nature of cloud security and the explicit delineation of responsibilities in ISO/IEC 27017:2015, particularly controls related to infrastructure security and incident management. The CSC should not attempt to directly remediate infrastructure issues they do not control, nor should they assume the CSP has automatically addressed all potential vulnerabilities without verification or communication.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are transferred to the cloud service provider (CSP). However, the CSC retains ultimate accountability for the security of their data and the configuration of their cloud environment. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its guidance on information security controls for cloud services, emphasizes that while the CSP provides the secure infrastructure and underlying services, the CSC is responsible for implementing controls related to access management, data classification, and the security of their specific applications and data within the cloud. Specifically, the control A.7.1.1 (Business requirements of information security) and A.7.2.2 (Information security awareness, education and training) are crucial. The CSC must ensure their personnel are aware of their security responsibilities, including how to securely configure and manage the cloud services they consume. Therefore, the responsibility for ensuring that personnel handling sensitive data within the cloud environment have received appropriate security awareness training, even if the CSP provides general security awareness, remains with the CSC. This aligns with the principle that the CSC is accountable for the overall security posture of their data and operations in the cloud.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet interconnected, security responsibilities. When a CSC utilizes a public cloud infrastructure as a service (IaaS) model, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud (e.g., physical security of data centers, network infrastructure, hypervisor). The CSC, however, is responsible for security *in* the cloud, which includes the operating systems, applications, data, and access controls deployed on that infrastructure.

The scenario describes a data breach originating from an unpatched operating system vulnerability within the CSC’s virtual machines. This directly falls under the CSC’s purview. ISO/IEC 27017, Control 6.1.1 (Information security policies), mandates that organizations establish clear policies and responsibilities. Control 6.2.1 (Segregation of duties) and 6.2.2 (Mobile device security) are less directly relevant to the root cause. Control 7.2.1 (Access control) is important for preventing unauthorized access, but the initial vulnerability was an unpatched system, not necessarily an unauthorized login. Control 8.1.1 (Inventory of information and other associated assets) and 8.1.2 (Classification of information) are foundational for managing assets, but the immediate cause of the breach was the lack of patching. Control 8.2.3 (Management of technical vulnerabilities) specifically addresses the need to identify and remediate vulnerabilities in a timely manner, which is precisely what was lacking. Therefore, the most direct and appropriate control to address the root cause of the breach, as described, is related to managing technical vulnerabilities. The explanation of the correct approach focuses on the CSC’s obligation to maintain the security of the components they manage, which includes patching operating systems to mitigate known vulnerabilities, a key aspect of ISO/IEC 27017’s guidance on securing cloud services.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet interconnected, security responsibilities. When a CSP implements controls related to the physical security of data centers, this falls squarely within the CSP’s domain. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, Annex A, Control A.14.1.2 (Physical security of facilities) and A.14.1.3 (Physical security monitoring) are directly relevant here. These controls mandate that the CSP must ensure the physical security of its facilities where information is processed or stored. The CSC, while responsible for managing its own data and access, does not directly control the physical infrastructure of the CSP’s data centers. Therefore, the CSP’s adherence to these physical security measures is a fundamental aspect of the service delivery that the CSC relies upon. The question probes the understanding of where the primary responsibility for securing the physical location of cloud infrastructure resides, which is a key differentiator in cloud security models. The correct approach is to identify the control that is unequivocally the CSP’s responsibility, as outlined by the standard’s framework for cloud service security.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that while cloud service providers (CSPs) are responsible for the security *of* the cloud, the customer is responsible for security *in* the cloud. When a customer utilizes a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP manages the underlying infrastructure, operating system, and middleware. The customer, however, retains responsibility for their applications, data, and identity and access management configurations. Therefore, in the event of a data breach originating from misconfigured access controls within the customer’s deployed application on the PaaS, the responsibility for implementing and maintaining those access controls rests with the customer. This aligns with the principle that the customer has direct control over their specific workloads and data within the PaaS environment. The CSP’s responsibility would typically extend to the security of the PaaS platform itself, not the specific configurations or vulnerabilities introduced by the customer’s deployment. This distinction is crucial for effective risk management and compliance in cloud environments.

The core principle being tested here is the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet overlapping, responsibilities for security. When a CSC utilizes a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP manages the underlying infrastructure, operating system, and middleware. The CSC, however, is responsible for the security *of* the applications they develop and deploy on that platform, as well as the data processed and stored within those applications. This includes implementing appropriate access controls, secure coding practices, and data encryption for their specific workloads. The question probes the understanding of where the CSC’s security obligations begin and end within a PaaS environment, differentiating it from Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) or Software as a Service (SaaS). The correct approach focuses on the CSC’s direct control and management of their deployed applications and the data they handle, which are outside the CSP’s direct management scope in a PaaS model. This aligns with the intent of ISO/IEC 27017 to clarify these boundaries to ensure comprehensive security coverage.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that while a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) is responsible for the security *of* the cloud, the customer is responsible for security *in* the cloud. When a customer uses a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP manages the underlying infrastructure, operating system, and middleware. The customer, however, retains responsibility for the security of their applications, data, and identity and access management configurations within that PaaS environment. Therefore, a breach originating from misconfigured access controls to sensitive customer data stored within the PaaS, which is the customer’s responsibility to manage, would not be solely attributable to the CSP’s failure to secure the cloud infrastructure itself. The CSP’s obligation would be to provide a secure platform, but the customer must implement appropriate security measures for their specific deployment and data. This aligns with the principle that the division of responsibilities is crucial for effective cloud security.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) utilizes a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are delegated to the cloud service provider (CSP). However, the CSC retains ultimate accountability for the security of their data and the configuration of the services they consume. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its Annex A controls, outlines specific responsibilities for both parties. Control A.3.1.1, “Inventory of information and other associated assets,” is particularly relevant. While the CSP is responsible for maintaining an inventory of the cloud services themselves and the underlying infrastructure, the CSC is responsible for maintaining an inventory of their own information assets that are processed or stored within the cloud environment. This includes understanding what data resides where, its classification, and who has access. Therefore, the CSC’s obligation to identify and document all information assets within the cloud service, regardless of whether they are directly managed by the CSP, is paramount. This aligns with the principle that the customer ultimately controls their data. The other options represent misinterpretations of the shared responsibility model or focus on aspects that are primarily the CSP’s domain, such as the security of the physical data centers or the network infrastructure provided by the CSP. The CSC’s role is to secure what they put *into* the cloud and how they configure and access it.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard delineates responsibilities between the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC). When a CSC utilizes a cloud service, certain security controls are inherently managed by the CSP, while others remain the responsibility of the CSC. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, Annex A, Control A.3.4.1, “Information security in the supply chain,” and related controls, emphasize the CSC’s responsibility to ensure that the CSP adheres to security requirements. Specifically, the CSC must ensure that the CSP provides assurance regarding the security of the underlying infrastructure and services that support the CSC’s data and operations. This includes verifying that the CSP has implemented appropriate controls for physical security, network security, and operational security of the cloud environment. The CSC’s responsibility extends to managing access to the cloud service, securing their own data within the cloud, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA, which may impose specific data protection requirements on the CSC regardless of the cloud provider’s actions. Therefore, the CSC must actively manage and monitor the CSP’s adherence to security obligations, particularly concerning the protection of data processed and stored within the cloud environment. The question probes the CSC’s proactive role in ensuring the CSP’s compliance with security requirements, which is a fundamental aspect of cloud security governance under ISO/IEC 27017.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct, yet overlapping, responsibilities for information security. When a CSC uses a cloud service, they retain responsibility for the security of their data and the configuration of the services they utilize. This includes aspects like access control, data encryption, and the security of their own endpoints and applications deployed within the cloud environment. The CSP, conversely, is responsible for the security of the underlying cloud infrastructure, including the physical security of data centers, network security, and the security of the virtualization layer. Therefore, a breach originating from an improperly configured customer-managed virtual machine, where the CSC failed to implement adequate patching or access controls, falls under the CSC’s purview of responsibility. This aligns with the principle that the CSC is accountable for the security of their tenant environment and the data within it, even when hosted by a CSP. The standard’s controls are designed to clarify these boundaries and ensure that both parties fulfill their obligations to maintain a secure cloud ecosystem.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model for security in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a customer delegates the management of a virtualized network function (VNF) to a cloud service provider (CSP), the CSP assumes responsibility for the underlying infrastructure, including the hypervisor and the physical network. However, the customer retains responsibility for the security *within* the VNF, which includes its configuration, the operating system, and the applications running on it. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its guidance on cloud security controls, emphasizes this delineation. Specifically, controls related to network security configuration (e.g., firewall rules within the VNF), vulnerability management of the VNF’s operating system, and secure development practices for the VNF’s software are typically customer responsibilities. The CSP’s role is to provide a secure foundation and manage the security of the cloud infrastructure itself. Therefore, the customer is accountable for ensuring the VNF’s internal network segmentation and access controls are properly implemented and maintained, as these are directly related to the VNF’s operational security and data protection, which fall under the customer’s purview.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model within cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard delineates responsibilities between the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC). When a CSC utilizes a public cloud infrastructure as a service (IaaS) model, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud, which includes the underlying physical infrastructure, network, and hypervisor. The CSC, however, is responsible for security *in* the cloud, encompassing their operating systems, applications, data, and access management.

The scenario describes a data breach originating from an unpatched operating system vulnerability within the CSC’s virtual machines. This falls squarely within the CSC’s purview. ISO/IEC 27017, Annex A.18.1.4 (Protection of information systems during termination or change of employment) and A.18.2.3 (Management of removable media) are not directly applicable to the root cause of this specific breach, which is an internal system vulnerability. Similarly, A.13.1.3 (Security in network services) pertains to the security of network services provided by the CSP, not the CSC’s internal OS patching. The most relevant control area for addressing vulnerabilities within the CSC’s deployed systems is within the scope of their operational security and patch management, which aligns with the principles of ISO/IEC 27001 and is further contextualized for cloud by ISO/IEC 27017. Specifically, controls related to vulnerability management and secure system configuration are paramount. Therefore, the responsibility for rectifying this unpatched operating system vulnerability and its consequences rests with the cloud service customer.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model as defined by ISO/IEC 27017:2015, specifically concerning the customer’s role in managing cryptographic keys within a cloud environment. Control A.9.4.1, “Management of cryptographic keys,” in ISO/IEC 27002, which is extended by ISO/IEC 27017, mandates that the customer is responsible for the management of cryptographic keys used for protecting their data, unless otherwise agreed upon with the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). This includes key generation, distribution, storage, rotation, and destruction. While the CSP provides the underlying infrastructure and potentially key management services, the ultimate responsibility for the security and lifecycle of keys protecting customer data rests with the customer. Therefore, the customer must implement controls to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these keys, aligning with their data protection obligations and any relevant regulatory requirements, such as GDPR or HIPAA, which mandate robust data protection measures. The CSP’s role is to provide secure environments and potentially offer key management services, but the customer retains the ultimate accountability for their keys.

The core of this question revolves around understanding the implications of a cloud service customer’s responsibility for managing cryptographic keys when a cloud service provider (CSP) offers encryption services. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, specifically within the context of Annex A controls adapted for cloud services, emphasizes shared responsibility. Control A.9.2.3, “Management of privileged access rights,” and A.9.4.1, “Information access restriction,” are relevant here, but the specific scenario points to the customer’s obligation regarding key management when the CSP provides the encryption mechanism. When a CSP offers encryption, it often implies that the CSP manages the underlying cryptographic infrastructure. However, the ultimate control and responsibility for the security of the data, including the keys used for its encryption, often remain with the customer, especially concerning sensitive data or regulatory compliance. Therefore, the customer must ensure that the CSP’s key management practices align with their own security policies and any applicable legal or regulatory requirements, such as those mandated by GDPR or HIPAA, which often require robust key management and auditability. The customer cannot simply delegate this responsibility entirely to the CSP without due diligence and ongoing verification. The customer’s role is to define the cryptographic policies, manage the lifecycle of keys (generation, distribution, storage, rotation, destruction), and ensure the CSP’s implementation supports these policies. The CSP’s role is to provide the secure environment and tools for key management as per the customer’s requirements. Thus, the customer must actively engage in defining and overseeing the key management strategy, rather than passively accepting the CSP’s default. This proactive stance ensures compliance and maintains the integrity of the data’s confidentiality.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct but interconnected responsibilities for information security. When a CSC utilizes a cloud service, they are not absolved of their security obligations. Instead, these obligations are redefined based on the service model (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and the specific controls implemented by the CSP.

Control CA.1.1.1, “Information security policy,” mandates that policies should address the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in cloud services. Control CA.1.1.2, “Information security roles and responsibilities,” further elaborates on this, requiring clear definition and assignment of security responsibilities. In the context of a data breach affecting data stored in a cloud environment, the CSC retains responsibility for the security of their data, including its classification, access control, and the security of their own endpoints and user credentials. The CSP is responsible for the security of the underlying cloud infrastructure and the services they provide.

Therefore, the CSC’s obligation to notify relevant authorities, such as data protection regulators under frameworks like GDPR or CCPA, remains paramount. This notification is typically triggered by the discovery of a breach impacting personal data. The CSC is best positioned to understand the nature and scope of the data affected and to make the necessary notifications. While the CSP might have obligations to inform the CSC about incidents affecting the service, the ultimate responsibility for regulatory compliance concerning the data itself rests with the CSC. The scenario describes a breach of data stored by the CSC, making the CSC the primary entity responsible for regulatory notifications.

The core of this question revolves around understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017:2015. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct responsibilities for information security. When a CSP offers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), the customer is typically responsible for securing the operating system, middleware, and applications deployed on that infrastructure. In this scenario, the CSC is implementing a new customer relationship management (CRM) system. The responsibility for ensuring the security of the CRM application, including its configuration, access controls, and data handling within the application layer, falls squarely on the CSC. ISO/IEC 27017:2015, through controls like those related to access control (e.g., A.9.2.3, A.9.4.1) and application security (e.g., A.14.2.1, A.14.2.5), guides the CSC in managing these aspects. The CSP’s responsibility in an IaaS model is primarily at the foundational infrastructure level (e.g., physical security of data centers, network infrastructure). Therefore, the CSC must independently manage the security of the CRM application itself, including vulnerability management and secure coding practices if they are developing it, or secure configuration if they are deploying a third-party solution. The other options are incorrect because they misattribute responsibilities. Assigning the CRM application security solely to the CSP is incorrect in an IaaS model. Sharing responsibility for the application’s security without defining the specific boundaries of that shared responsibility is vague and insufficient. Focusing solely on the physical security of the underlying infrastructure ignores the critical application-level security requirements for the CRM.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model for security in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard delineates responsibilities between the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC). When a CSP offers a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud, which includes the underlying infrastructure, network, and the operating system and middleware that the customer utilizes. The customer, however, is responsible for security *in* the cloud, which encompasses their data, applications, identity and access management for their users, and the configuration of the PaaS environment itself.

In the given scenario, the CSC has implemented a custom application that processes sensitive customer data. The vulnerability exists within this custom application’s code, specifically in how it handles input validation, leading to a potential SQL injection attack. This type of vulnerability is a direct consequence of the CSC’s development and deployment practices for their application. ISO/IEC 27017, in its guidance on secure development (e.g., A.6.1.2 Secure development policy, A.6.1.4 Secure development environment, A.6.1.5 System security testing), emphasizes the CSC’s role in ensuring the security of their own developed software. Therefore, the responsibility for remediating this application-level vulnerability rests with the CSC, not the CSP, as it falls under the CSC’s purview of security *in* the cloud. The CSP’s responsibility would typically extend to ensuring the PaaS platform itself is secure and that their own managed components are free from such vulnerabilities.

The core principle guiding the selection of appropriate security controls in a cloud computing environment, as stipulated by ISO/IEC 27017, is the shared responsibility model. This model delineates the security obligations between the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC). When a CSC utilizes a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering, the CSP typically manages the underlying infrastructure, operating system, and middleware. The CSC, however, remains responsible for securing their applications, data, identity and access management for users of their applications, and potentially the configuration of certain platform services. Therefore, controls related to the secure development of applications, data protection within the application layer, and the management of user access to the CSC’s specific services are paramount. Controls focused solely on the physical security of data centers or the network infrastructure, while important, are primarily the responsibility of the CSP. Similarly, controls related to the CSP’s internal operations or the security of the underlying hypervisor are outside the direct purview of the CSC’s implementation efforts for their PaaS-hosted services. The emphasis is on what the customer can and must control within the context of their service usage.

The core of this question lies in understanding the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. The standard emphasizes that both the cloud service provider (CSP) and the cloud service customer (CSC) have distinct but overlapping responsibilities for information security. When a CSC utilizes a cloud service, the CSP is responsible for the security *of* the cloud infrastructure, while the CSC is responsible for security *in* the cloud. This includes managing access controls, data classification, and the security configuration of the services they consume. The question probes the CSC’s obligation to ensure that the security controls implemented by the CSP are adequate for the CSC’s specific data and operational requirements, and that the CSC actively manages its own security posture within the cloud environment. This involves understanding that simply relying on the CSP’s baseline security is insufficient; the CSC must perform due diligence and implement complementary controls. Therefore, the most accurate statement reflects the CSC’s proactive role in verifying and augmenting the CSP’s security measures to meet its own compliance and risk management objectives.

The core principle being tested here is the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) uses a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are retained by the CSC, while others are managed by the cloud service provider (CSP). ISO/IEC 27017:2015, in its guidance on information security controls for cloud services, emphasizes the need for clear demarcation of these responsibilities. Specifically, controls related to the customer’s own data, access management to their cloud environment, and the configuration of security settings within their allocated resources fall under the CSC’s purview. The control A.8.1.2, “Securing of user access management,” from ISO/IEC 27002, which is extended by ISO/IEC 27017, highlights the CSC’s responsibility for managing user identities and access privileges within their cloud tenant. This includes ensuring that only authorized personnel have access to sensitive data and cloud resources, and that access is revoked when no longer needed. Therefore, the proactive identification and management of dormant user accounts within the CSC’s cloud environment is a direct responsibility of the CSC to maintain the security posture of their data and services. This aligns with the CSC’s obligation to implement appropriate access controls and monitor user activity within their domain.

The core principle being tested here is the shared responsibility model in cloud computing, specifically as it pertains to ISO/IEC 27017. When a cloud service customer (CSC) uses a cloud service, certain security responsibilities are retained by the CSC, while others are assumed by the cloud service provider (CSP). ISO/IEC 27017:2015, particularly in Annex A, outlines controls that are applicable to both CSPs and CSCs. Control A.7.1.1, “Inventory of information and other associated assets,” mandates that the CSC maintain an inventory of its information assets. In the context of cloud services, this includes understanding what data is stored and processed within the cloud environment. Control A.7.1.2, “Classification of information,” requires the CSC to classify its information based on legal, business, and risk requirements. This classification informs how the data should be protected. Control A.7.1.3, “Labeling of information,” involves marking information according to the classification scheme. Control A.7.1.4, “User handling of information,” establishes guidelines for users on how to handle information securely. Therefore, the responsibility for classifying and managing the inventory of data residing in the cloud, as well as defining how that data should be handled by users, ultimately rests with the customer, even though the CSP provides the underlying infrastructure and services. The CSP’s role is to secure the cloud infrastructure and services themselves, not necessarily to understand the specific business context or classification of the customer’s data.