Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations in an MPLS network. It enables Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, allowing devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN).
Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to provide Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites over an MPLS backbone. L2VPN solutions, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), allow service providers to extend Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites over an MPLS infrastructure. BGP/MPLS Layer 3 VPN with IPv6 (option a) is a different type of VPN technology that focuses on Layer 3 connectivity rather than Layer 2 transport. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option c) is a method of delivering Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for transporting Layer 2 frames between sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but may not specifically address the transport of Layer 2 frames.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations in an MPLS network. It enables Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, allowing devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN).
Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) technology enables a service provider to transport Layer 2 frames between customer sites over an MPLS backbone. L2VPN solutions, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), allow for the extension of Layer 2 connectivity between customer locations. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) (option a) focuses on providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option c) are used for connecting multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments, and they may support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity but are not specifically designed for transporting Layer 2 frames. Any Transport over MPLS (AToM) (option d) is a technology used for transporting various types of Layer 2 traffic over an MPLS network, including Ethernet and ATM, but it is not as commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is used to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites in MPLS VPN deployments. L3VPN solutions utilize MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing for the creation of virtual private networks over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) extends Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites but does not provide Layer 3 services. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and may support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity but are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations within an MPLS network. It facilitates Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, enabling devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN).
Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to transport Layer 2 frames between customer sites over an MPLS backbone. L2VPN solutions, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), allow service providers to extend Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites over an MPLS infrastructure. BGP/MPLS Layer 3 VPN with IPv6 (option a) is a different type of VPN technology that focuses on Layer 3 connectivity rather than Layer 2 transport. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option c) is a method of delivering Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for transporting Layer 2 frames between sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but may not specifically address the transport of Layer 2 frames.

Explanation:
The correct answer is a. MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) VPN.
MPLS VPN technology allows service providers to offer VPN services to customers with geographically dispersed sites while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. MPLS VPNs use label-switching to route packets between different sites, providing a secure and scalable solution for connecting multiple customer locations over a shared infrastructure. Carrier Supporting Carrier (CsC) VPN (option b) involves one service provider acting as the carrier for another service provider’s VPN traffic and does not inherently maintain separate routing domains. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) and Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are different types of VPN technologies that may not provide the same level of separation between customer routing domains as MPLS VPNs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations within an MPLS network. It facilitates Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, enabling devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN).
Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to transport Layer 2 frames between customer sites over an MPLS backbone. L2VPN solutions, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), allow service providers to extend Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites over an MPLS infrastructure. BGP/MPLS Layer 3 VPN with IPv6 (option a) is a different type of VPN technology that focuses on Layer 3 connectivity rather than Layer 2 transport. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option c) is a method of delivering Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for transporting Layer 2 frames between sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but may not specifically address the transport of Layer 2 frames.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is used to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites in MPLS VPN deployments. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations within an MPLS network. It facilitates Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, enabling devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN).
Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) technology enables a service provider to transport Layer 2 frames between customer sites over an MPLS backbone. L2VPN solutions, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), allow for the extension of Layer 2 connectivity between customer locations. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) (option a) focuses on providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option c) are used for connecting multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments, and they may support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity but are not specifically designed for transporting Layer 2 frames. Any Transport over MPLS (AToM) (option d) is a technology used for transporting various types of Layer 2 traffic over an MPLS network, including Ethernet and ATM, but it is not as commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is used to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites in MPLS VPN deployments. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations within an MPLS network. It facilitates Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, enabling devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is a. MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) VPN.
MPLS VPN technology allows service providers to offer VPN services to customers with geographically dispersed sites while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. MPLS VPNs use label-switching to route packets between different sites, providing a secure and scalable solution for connecting multiple customer locations over a shared infrastructure. Carrier Supporting Carrier (CsC) VPN (option b) involves one service provider acting as the carrier for another service provider’s VPN traffic and does not inherently maintain separate routing domains. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) and Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are different types of VPN technologies that may not provide the same level of separation between customer routing domains as MPLS VPNs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs.
Inter-AS MPLS VPNs are used to enable communication between customer sites located in different autonomous systems (AS) using MPLS VPN technology. They allow service providers to extend VPN services across multiple AS boundaries while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites but is not specifically designed for inter-AS communication. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) provides Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently address inter-AS communication. Carrier Ethernet Services over MPLS (CEM) (option d) is used to deliver Ethernet services over an MPLS network but is not specifically designed for inter-AS MPLS VPN deployments.

Explanation:
The correct answer is b. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
VPLS allows a service provider to extend a virtual LAN across multiple locations within an MPLS network. It facilitates Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites, enabling devices in different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN segment. MPLS VPN (option a) provides secure and scalable virtual private networks but does not specifically extend Layer 2 connectivity across multiple locations. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) is a generic term for VPN technologies that provide Layer 2 connectivity but does not inherently extend virtual LANs. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments but are not specifically designed for extending virtual LANs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is a. MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) VPN.
MPLS VPN technology allows service providers to offer VPN services to customers with geographically dispersed sites while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. MPLS VPNs use label-switching to route packets between different sites, providing a secure and scalable solution for connecting multiple customer locations over a shared infrastructure. Carrier Supporting Carrier (CsC) VPN (option b) involves one service provider acting as the carrier for another service provider’s VPN traffic and does not inherently maintain separate routing domains. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option c) and Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are different types of VPN technologies that may not provide the same level of separation between customer routing domains as MPLS VPNs.

Explanation:
The correct answer is c. Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN).
Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) technology is commonly used in MPLS VPN deployments to provide secure and scalable Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites. L3VPN solutions use MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) to route IP packets between sites, allowing customers to communicate over a shared MPLS infrastructure while maintaining separate routing domains for each customer. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) (option a) provides Layer 2 connectivity between sites, not Layer 3. Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) (option b) is another type of VPN technology that focuses on extending Layer 2 connectivity between customer sites. Inter-AS MPLS VPNs (option d) are used to connect multiple autonomous systems in MPLS VPN deployments and can support both Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivity, but they are not specifically designed for providing Layer 3 connectivity between customer sites.